Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation

1. Nutrition in pregnancy……………………………………….. 6
1.1 Physiological adjustments during pregnancy………………… 6
1.2 Diets of pregnant women…………………………………. 9
1.3 Diet as a factor that may influence the course and outcomeof pregnancy……………………………………………. 12
1.4 The course and outcome of pregnancy……………………… 12
1.5 Weight gain during pregnancy……………………………. 19
1.6 Adult body size in relation to pregnancy…………………. 22
2. Nutrition in lactation……………………………………24
2.1 Physiological adjustments during lactation……………….. 24
2.2 Efficiency of milk production…………………………… 25
2.3 Lactation in relation to growth and health of infants … 26
2.4 Effects of lactation on maternal health………………….. 29
2.5 Diets of lactating women……………………………….. 30
3. Nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation…………. 31
3.1 General introduction…………………………………… 31
3.2 Physiological cost of pregnancy…………………………. 31
3.3 Physiological cost of lactation…………………………. 34
3.4 Practical considerations……………………………….. 35
4. Implications for public health programmes……………………… 39
5. Recommendations for research……………………………….. 42
Annex 1 : Summary of reported diets of pregnant women……………. 46
Annex 2 : Recommended allowances for pregnancy and lactation proposed by various authorities……………………………………. 50