Placental and gestational pathology
Placental and gestational pathology
Section 1 Introduction
Normal Development 1
Section 2 Early Pregnancy Pathology
Early Pregnancy Loss with Normal Karyotype 9
Early Pregnancy Loss with Abnormal Karyotype 16
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 21
Section 3 Maternal Uteroplacental-Vascular Pathology
Maternal Vascular / Trophoblastic Developmental Abnormalities 49
Distal Villous Hypoplasia, Focal and Diffuse 58
Maternal Vascular Malperfusion 62
Loss of Maternal Vascular Integrity 70
Section 4 Fetal Stromal-Vascular Pathology
Fetal Stromal-Vascular Developmental Abnormalities 79
Fetal Vascular Malperfusion 93
Loss of Fetal Vascular Integrity 104
Section 5 Inflammatory Processes
Placental Infections 115
Chronic Villitis / Villitis of Unknown Etiology (VUE) 137
Chronic Inflammatory Lesions Sometimes Associated with Villitis of Unknown Etiology (VUE) 145
Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis 152
Section 6 Other Pathologic Processes
Placental Size, Shape, and Umbilical Cord Abnormalities 157
Perivillous Fibrin Deposition 181
Atypical Intraplacental Hemorrhages/ Thrombi 188
Meconium Effects 199
Increased Circulating Fetal Nucleated Red Blood Cells 206
Early and Late Membrane / Amnion Rupture and Amnion Nodosum 214
Metastatic Tumors 220
Heterotopias and Germ Cell Tumors 230
Lysosomal Storage Disease, Bartter Syndrome, and Mimics 235
Section 7 Pathology of Multiple Gestations
The Pathology of Monochorionic Placentation 241
Dichorionic and Higher Order Multiple Gestations 262
Section 8 Uteroplacental Pathology
Abnormal Placental Location 275
Kelly Devereaux and Ann Folkins
Morbidly Adherent Placenta 283
Uterine Rupture/Dehiscence 296
Postpartum Hemorrhage 299
Section 9 Clinicopathologic Correlations: Placental Pathology and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Spontaneous Preterm Delivery (Premature Labor, Premature Rupture of Membranes, Vaginal Bleeding, Cervical Insufficiency) 307
Fetal Growth Restriction 312
Fetal Death 316
Central Nervous System Injury 322
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 327
Appendix 1: Common Clinical and Biologic Abbreviations 331
Appendix 2: Gross Examination 333
Appendix 3: Placental Weights: Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles by Gestational Age 336
Appendix 4: Fetal-Placental Weight Ratios, Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles by Gestational Age 337
Appendix 5: Mean Weights and Percentiles for Twin Placentas 338
Appendix 6: Umbilical Cord Length by Gestational Age 339
Appendix 7: Umbilical Cord Coiling Index 340
Appendix 8: Placental Histologic Features in Stillbirth by Time Interval before Delivery 341
Appendix 9: Means and Standard Deviations for Placental Weights and Dimensions, Birth Weights, and Fetoplacental Weight Ratios by Gestational Age 342
Normal Development 1
Section 2 Early Pregnancy Pathology
Early Pregnancy Loss with Normal Karyotype 9
Early Pregnancy Loss with Abnormal Karyotype 16
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 21
Section 3 Maternal Uteroplacental-Vascular Pathology
Maternal Vascular / Trophoblastic Developmental Abnormalities 49
Distal Villous Hypoplasia, Focal and Diffuse 58
Maternal Vascular Malperfusion 62
Loss of Maternal Vascular Integrity 70
Section 4 Fetal Stromal-Vascular Pathology
Fetal Stromal-Vascular Developmental Abnormalities 79
Fetal Vascular Malperfusion 93
Loss of Fetal Vascular Integrity 104
Section 5 Inflammatory Processes
Placental Infections 115
Chronic Villitis / Villitis of Unknown Etiology (VUE) 137
Chronic Inflammatory Lesions Sometimes Associated with Villitis of Unknown Etiology (VUE) 145
Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis 152
Section 6 Other Pathologic Processes
Placental Size, Shape, and Umbilical Cord Abnormalities 157
Perivillous Fibrin Deposition 181
Atypical Intraplacental Hemorrhages/ Thrombi 188
Meconium Effects 199
Increased Circulating Fetal Nucleated Red Blood Cells 206
Early and Late Membrane / Amnion Rupture and Amnion Nodosum 214
Metastatic Tumors 220
Heterotopias and Germ Cell Tumors 230
Lysosomal Storage Disease, Bartter Syndrome, and Mimics 235
Section 7 Pathology of Multiple Gestations
The Pathology of Monochorionic Placentation 241
Dichorionic and Higher Order Multiple Gestations 262
Section 8 Uteroplacental Pathology
Abnormal Placental Location 275
Kelly Devereaux and Ann Folkins
Morbidly Adherent Placenta 283
Uterine Rupture/Dehiscence 296
Postpartum Hemorrhage 299
Section 9 Clinicopathologic Correlations: Placental Pathology and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Spontaneous Preterm Delivery (Premature Labor, Premature Rupture of Membranes, Vaginal Bleeding, Cervical Insufficiency) 307
Fetal Growth Restriction 312
Fetal Death 316
Central Nervous System Injury 322
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 327
Appendix 1: Common Clinical and Biologic Abbreviations 331
Appendix 2: Gross Examination 333
Appendix 3: Placental Weights: Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles by Gestational Age 336
Appendix 4: Fetal-Placental Weight Ratios, Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles by Gestational Age 337
Appendix 5: Mean Weights and Percentiles for Twin Placentas 338
Appendix 6: Umbilical Cord Length by Gestational Age 339
Appendix 7: Umbilical Cord Coiling Index 340
Appendix 8: Placental Histologic Features in Stillbirth by Time Interval before Delivery 341
Appendix 9: Means and Standard Deviations for Placental Weights and Dimensions, Birth Weights, and Fetoplacental Weight Ratios by Gestational Age 342